Evaluating Structural Policy Coverage in Home Insurance

Evaluating Structural Policy Coverage in Home Insurance

Understanding residential foundation issues: common types, causes, and signs that homeowners should be aware of.

Understanding residential foundation issues: common types, causes, and signs that homeowners should be aware of.


When it comes to understanding residential foundation issues, homeowners often find themselves navigating a complex landscape. Obtaining permits is an essential step in any professional foundation repair service foundation crack repair service bedrock. Foundation problems can be daunting not only because they threaten the structural integrity of a home but also because they raise questions about insurance coverage. Evaluating structural policy coverage in home insurance is crucial for any homeowner looking to protect their investment.

Common Types and Causes of Foundation Issues

Foundation issues come in various forms, each with its unique set of challenges. Some of the most common types include settlement cracks, heaving, and bowing walls. Settlement cracks occur when the soil beneath a foundation shifts or settles unevenly, causing fissures in the concrete.

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Heaving happens when expansive soils swell due to moisture, pushing parts of the foundation upward. Bowing walls are typically seen in basements where lateral pressure from soil or water forces the walls to curve inward.

The causes of these issues are equally diverse. Poor soil conditions, improper site preparation, and plumbing leaks are frequent culprits. Soil that expands and contracts with changes in moisture levels can wreak havoc on foundations over time. Inadequate drainage around a home can lead to water accumulation, which exerts pressure on the foundation walls. Additionally, tree roots growing too close to a house can absorb excessive moisture from the soil, leading to settlement problems.

Signs Homeowners Should Look Out For

Identifying foundation issues early can prevent more costly repairs down the line. Some telltale signs include doors and windows that stick or won't close properly, cracks in walls or ceilings (especially around door frames), sloping floors, and gaps between walls and floors or ceilings. Outside the home, visible cracks in bricks or masonry, separations around windows and doors, and uneven chimneys can all indicate potential foundation problems.

Evaluating Structural Policy Coverage in Home Insurance

When evaluating structural policy coverage within your home insurance, it's essential to understand what is typically covered and what might be excluded. Standard homeowners' insurance policies generally cover sudden and accidental damages such as those caused by fire, windstorms, or vandalism. However, many policies do not cover damage resulting from gradual wear and tear or natural settling of the home-common causes of foundation issues.

Specific exclusions often include damages from earth movement (such as landslides or earthquakes), floods (unless you have separate flood insurance), and mold or rot caused by prolonged moisture exposure unless there is an underlying covered peril like water damage from a burst pipe which then caused mold growth which is then covered under your policy terms . This means that if your foundation problem is due to poor construction practices or normal aging of your property it probably won't be covered by standard policies unless you have added endorsements for such events..Additionally many insurers will exclude things like sewer backups unless specifically endorsed on your policy..

Homeowners should carefully review their policy documents or consult with their insurance agent to understand exactly what their coverage includes regarding structural damage.. If necessary seek out additional specialty endorsements or riders for perils that are specifically excluded under standard policies-such as earthquake coverage-or consider investing in supplemental policies designed for specific risks such

The importance of foundation repair services in maintaining the structural integrity and value of residential properties.


In the realm of homeownership, few aspects are as critical and often overlooked as the importance of foundation repair services in maintaining the structural integrity and value of residential properties. This issue becomes particularly salient when evaluating structural policy coverage in home insurance. Homeowners often face a confusing landscape when it comes to understanding what their insurance policies actually cover, especially regarding foundational issues.

Foundation repair is not just about fixing cracks or settling; it's about ensuring that the very base of a home remains solid and secure. A compromised foundation can lead to a cascade of problems, including uneven floors, jammed doors and windows, and even plumbing issues. More critically, it can jeopardize the structural integrity of the entire house, making it unsafe for occupancy. Regular inspections and timely repairs are essential to prevent minor issues from becoming major, costly problems.

When it comes to home insurance, however, coverage for foundation repairs can be murky. Many standard policies do not cover issues arising from natural settling, soil compaction, or other gradual processes that can impact a home's foundation. This gap in coverage can leave homeowners financially vulnerable, facing significant out-of-pocket expenses to address foundational problems that could have been mitigated with earlier intervention.

To bridge this gap, some insurance providers offer supplemental coverage or endorsements specifically designed for foundation repairs. Homeowners need to be proactive in reviewing their policies and considering additional coverage if necessary. It's also crucial to document all maintenance and repairs meticulously, as this can influence future claims and policy adjustments.

Moreover, educating homeowners about the importance of regular foundation inspections and preventive maintenance can go a long way. Insurance companies could play a more active role by offering incentives for routine checks or discounts for homes with well-maintained foundations. Such initiatives would encourage proactive care and potentially reduce the number of severe claims related to foundational issues.

In conclusion, foundation repair services are indispensable for maintaining both the structural integrity and market value of residential properties. As we evaluate structural policy coverage in home insurance, it becomes evident that there is room for improvement in how these critical aspects are addressed. Enhanced education for homeowners, clearer policy language, and incentives for preventive care could significantly bolster the effectiveness of insurance coverage in safeguarding one of life's most substantial investments-the family home.

Evaluating home insurance policies: key aspects to consider when assessing structural policy coverage for foundation repair services.


When it comes to evaluating home insurance policies for structural coverage specifically foundation repair services there are several key aspects you need consider ensure you're getting adequate protection . Foundation repairs can be extraordinarily expensive , so having comprehensive coverage makes significant difference financially if something goes wrong .Here are some crucial points consider :Understanding Coverage Basics :Firstly , familiarize yourself basic terminology policy structure . "Open Perils" broader coverage including all risks except those explicitly excluded .Whereas "Named Perils" only events specifically listed covered such fire ,windstorm hail etc..Most standard policies follow Named Perils approach but endorsements add Open Perils aspect foundation related issues .Coverage Specific To Foundations :Foundation coverage varies greatly among insurers .Some may not cover foundations at all while others offer limited protection . Look policies covering :Settling Cracking Bulging Leaning Shifting Typically these aren't covered under standard plans but require separate endorsement review carefully what exactly included excluded .Causes Of Damage Matter :Home insurance policies usually only cover sudden catastrophic events not gradual wear tear neglect maintenance problems .For instance if foundation damaged due burst pipe slope failure often covered .However settling due soil compaction poor construction likely won't be .Review Cause Loss Provision Carefully :This section outlines what perils insured against ;ensure causes like weight snow ice water damage included particularly important areas prone freezing temperatures flooding .Deductibles And Policy Limits :Higher deductibles mean lower premiums but more out pocket expenses when claiming Understand trade off chose deductible suits budget Also aware policy limits especially sub limits specific types damage like foundation repair Endorsements And Additional Protection :Foundation problems might necessitate additional protections like Ordinance Law coverage building code upgrades during repairs Equipment Breakdown covers sump pumps Service Line protects water sewer lines leading house Soil Movement Stability depends heavily location geology discuss agent whether this necessary Check Policy Exclusions Thoroughly :Lastly thoroughly review exclusions section understand precisely situations aren't covered reasons why Every policy unique ask clarifications anything ambiguous Ask Professionals And Read Reviews Finally don't hesitate consulting licensed insurance professional compare quotes different providers read reviews experiences existing customers valuable insights choosing best suited policy Ultimately selecting robust home insurance covering foundational aspects involves understanding fine print assessing needs based individual circumstances geographical factors By diligently examining these aspects you'll well equipped making informed decision safeguarding home substantial investment .

Specific foundation repair services and their typical coverage under home insurance policies, including exceptions and limitations.


When it comes to evaluating structural policy coverage within home insurance plans regarding foundation repair services there are several key aspects homeowners must consider-from understanding specific foundation repairs covered by insurance policies (and why) through grasping exceptions & limitations inherent within these policies… let's dive right in!. Firstly let's explore typical foundation repair services. These can include fixing cracks in walls or floors caused by settling, underpinning to stabilize a sinking foundation, or implementing measures like root barriers to prevent tree roots from damaging the foundation. Other services might involve addressing drainage issues to mitigate water damage or reinforcing the foundation to better withstand soil expansion. Now, when it comes to home insurance coverage for these repairs,, things get a bit more complex. Generally most standard home insurance policies are designed to cover sudden and accidental damage-not gradual wear and tear or maintenance issues which most foundation problems fall under Unfortunately this means that issues like settling, cracking due to age,, or damage from tree roots are typically excluded from coverage except if they're explicitly included via special endorsement.

However there are exceptions where foundation repairs might be covered.. Most standard policies do cover foundation damage resulting from sudden and accidental events-such as explosions (yes explosions!), fire,, or plumbing leaks that are abrupt (think: a pipe suddenly bursting).. Moreover some policies may offer limited coverage for damages caused by earth movements such as earthquakes,, landslides,, or sinkholes but this usually requires an additional endorsement and depends on your geographical location. It's also important to note limitations within these coverages.. For instance even if a policy covers water damage it usually does not extend to floods-for that you'd need separate flood insurance.. Moreover many insurers cap or limit coverage for certain types of events (like earthquakes) meaning you may only receive partial compensation even if the event is covered.. Additionally some policies may have anti-concurrent causation clauses which means if multiple causes contribute to damage (one covered one not)-the insurer may deny coverage altogether.. To navigate these nuances it's crucial for homeowners to thoroughly review their policies understand what is and isn't covered,, and consider additional endorsements or separate policies (like flood or earthquake insurance) based on their specific needs and risks.. In essence evaluating structural policy coverage requires a keen eye for detail,, an understanding of what constitutes sudden and accidental damage versus gradual wear,, and a proactive approach towards supplementing standard policies with additional protections when necessary.. By doing so homeowners can ensure they've got solid ground beneath their feet literally and financially speaking when it comes to foundation repairs!

The claims process for foundation repair services: steps homeowners should take to ensure a smooth and successful outcome.


Navigating foundation repair claims can often feel daunting-after all-your home'ss foundation isn'tt exactly something minor! However,, ensuring structural stability involves handling these claims correctly,, which starts way earlier,, specifically,, during policy evaluation stages,. Let'ss dig deeper!,, Homeowners must understand what exactly foundation coverage entails within home insurance policies,. Firstly,, they need clarity whether foundation repairs fall under standard coverage or require specialized endorsements,, which might cost extra,, Secondly,, reading policy fine print closely helps in recognizing exclusions,, as not all structural defects are covered,, typically,, issues arising from natural wear and tear,, improper construction,, or poor maintenance might be excluded,, . Third,, determining specific coverage amounts helps project potential financial responsibilities,, such as deductibles,, policy limits,, or out-of-pocket expenses,. It'ss also vital to document pre-existing conditions accurately when acquiring insurance,, as misrepresentation could invalidate claims later on,. Once familiarized with policy intricacies,, homeowners should follow these steps during claims process:, 1) **Prompt Reporting**: Inform insurer immediately upon discovering foundation issues,, delays could jeopardize claim validity,. 2) **Thorough Documentation**: Collect photographic evidence,, repair estimates,, inspection reports,, and any other relevant documents that substantiate damage extent and cause,. 3) **Professional Inspections**: Engage licensed structural engineers for detailed assessments., Their reports carry significant weight in proving claim legitimacy,. 4) **Maintain Open Communication**: Regularly update insurer on developments,, including additional damages discovered,, repair estimates,, etc., Beware,, though,, verbal promises hardly bind insurance companies; always request written confirmations,. 5) **Negotiate Fair Settlements**: If dissatisfied with initial settlement offers,, don't hesitate negotiating based on documented evidence., If necessary,, seek public adjuster'ss help for fairer outcomes,. Successfully navigating foundation repair claims demands proactive approach starting from policy selection till claim settlement., With thorough understanding of policy coverage and diligent follow-up processes,, homeowners can ensure smoother claims experience and successful outcomes.

Factors affecting the approval of claims for foundation repair services, such as policy wording, documentation, and external inspections.


When evaluating structural policy coverage in home insurance, particularly for foundation repair services, several factors significantly influence the approval of claims. These factors range from the specifics of policy wording to the thoroughness of documentation and the findings from external inspections. Understanding these elements is crucial for both homeowners and insurance providers to ensure a smooth claims process.

Firstly, policy wording plays a pivotal role in determining whether a claim for foundation repair will be approved. Home insurance policies are often intricate documents filled with legal jargon and specific conditions. The language used in these policies can vary greatly between different providers and even between different plans offered by the same provider. For instance, some policies may explicitly cover foundation repairs resulting from sudden and accidental events, such as a burst pipe, while excluding repairs needed due to gradual wear and tear or natural settling of the foundation. Therefore, homeowners must carefully review their policy documents to understand what is covered and what is not.

Secondly, comprehensive documentation is essential for the approval of foundation repair claims. Insurance companies require detailed evidence to substantiate the need for repairs. This documentation typically includes photographs of the damage, engineering reports, and any relevant maintenance records. The more thorough and organized the documentation, the stronger the claim becomes. Homeowners should keep meticulous records of any inspections, repairs, and communications with their insurance provider to bolster their case.

Lastly, external inspections conducted by licensed professionals can greatly influence the outcome of a claim. These inspections provide an objective assessment of the foundation's condition and the cause of any damage. Insurance companies often rely heavily on these reports to determine if the claimed damage falls within the scope of the policy coverage. For example, if an inspection reveals that the foundation damage was caused by an event covered under the policy, such as a natural disaster, the claim is more likely to be approved. Conversely, if the inspection finds that the damage resulted from poor construction or lack of maintenance, the claim may be denied.

In conclusion, evaluating structural policy coverage in home insurance for foundation repair services involves a multifaceted process that considers policy wording, documentation, and external inspections. Each of these factors plays a critical role in determining whether a claim will be approved or denied. Homeowners should take proactive steps to understand their policies thoroughly, maintain detailed records, and seek professional inspections to strengthen their claims. Insurance providers must ensure clear and transparent communication about coverage details to facilitate smoother claims processes for all parties involved.

Recommendations for homeowners to maximize their structural policy coverage and protect their investment in residential foundation repair services.


As a homeowner, your house is likely one of your most significant investments, and ensuring it's properly protected is crucial. One aspect that often goes overlooked is understanding and maximizing your structural policy coverage in your home insurance, particularly when it comes to residential foundation repair services. Here are some recommendations to help you navigate this topic:

Firstly, **know your policy**. It's essential to thoroughly read and understand your home insurance policy. Don't hesitate to ask your insurance provider for clarification if needed. Pay close attention to sections discussing structural coverage, including foundations. Look for specifics about what is covered (such as damage from accidents or natural disasters) and what is excluded (like damage from wear and tear or poor maintenance).


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Secondly, **consider additional coverage**. If you find that your standard policy doesn't cover foundation repairs adequately, it might be worth investing in additional coverage or a separate policy. Some insurers offer endorsements or riders that can provide extra protection for foundations.

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This can be especially important if you live in an area prone to issues like soil expansion or contraction which can cause foundation problems over time without insurance means no assistance should such problems arise .

Thirdly, **document everything**. Regularly inspect your foundationand keep records noting its condition . If there has been past problems ensure details include dates , repair details , pictures etc . This habit serves two purposes : First , documentations helps identify potential issues early , allowing preventative maintenance thus saving costs . Second , Should damage occur , having documentation helps validate claims . Ensure reports including cracks , settlement issues etc are well documented . If repairs were carried previously ensure invoices , receipts are kept safely . This shows insurers proof ensuring accountability during claims process . If local authorities provide resources utilise them eg building codes department advice . When involved professionals advise ensure qualified licensed personnel eg foundation engineer-inspector hired during assessments . Having written professional reports add weightage during damage disputes between homeowner vs insurer saving time., money helping maximise coverage benefits'. Also maintain records including weather events (floodings) which may impact foundations helping claims process.. Note recommended guideline consider National Flood Insurance Programme(NFIP) coverage especially living flood prone areas providing added protection rather relying standard policies alone.. Lastly **mitigate risk**. Prevention goes long way reducing chances foundation problems arising initially . Ensure gutters function properly direct water away foundations preventing soil saturations thus structural damages . Consider installing sump pump basements prone flooding keeping area dry minimizing risks covered losses.. Additionally landscaping techniques including grading soil away foundations preventing water accumulations near structures important maintenance practices protecting investments long term.. Engaging professional plumbers inspect properties checking leaks within homes avoiding seepages causing foundational issues vital yet overlooked aspect maximizing policy benefits.. Foundations hold entire structure hence maintaining integrity ensures protecting families investments futures maximizing policy benefits ensuring peace mind financial security overall.. In conclusion actively engaging understanding insurance policies documentations risk mitigations combined ensures homeowners maximize structural coverage protecting investments residential foundation repairs securing homes futures effectively.. Contact local insurance experts obtaining tailored advice suiting specific property needs providing enhanced protection assurance round clock.. Enjoy proactive homeownership empowered informed decision making secure living today tomorrow years come.. Keep foundations strong homes



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Structural Repair Experts Stress the Importance of Timely Foundation Maintenance

Structural Repair Experts Stress the Importance of Timely Foundation Maintenance

Structural repair experts consistently emphasize timely foundation maintenance due its critical importance .. When foundations are compromised , homes display visible indicators such uneven floors , sloping floors , cracks walls , sticky doors windows .

Posted by on 2025-02-22

Growing Demand for Foundation Repairs Following Extreme Weather Conditions

Growing Demand for Foundation Repairs Following Extreme Weather Conditions

In recent years, extreme weather conditions have become more frequent and intense, posing significant threats to homes and properties.. However, homeowners can take several preventive measures to safeguard their homes and minimize potential damage.

Posted by on 2025-02-22

Experts Warn Homeowners About the Long-Term Risks of Ignoring Foundation Cracks

Experts Warn Homeowners About the Long-Term Risks of Ignoring Foundation Cracks

Foundation cracks might seem like innocent imperfections at first glance; however experts warn homeowners not turn blind eye towards them .. These subtle fissures can evolve into significant issues that jeopardize both safety structure integrity .

Posted by on 2025-02-22

In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification due to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the soil grains, then consolidation, not compaction, has occurred. Normally, compaction is the result of heavy machinery compressing the soil, but it can also occur due to the passage of, for example, animal feet.

In soil science and agronomy, soil compaction is usually a combination of both engineering compaction and consolidation, so may occur due to a lack of water in the soil, the applied stress being internal suction due to water evaporation[1] as well as due to passage of animal feet. Affected soils become less able to absorb rainfall, thus increasing runoff and erosion. Plants have difficulty in compacted soil because the mineral grains are pressed together, leaving little space for air and water, which are essential for root growth. Burrowing animals also find it a hostile environment, because the denser soil is more difficult to penetrate. The ability of a soil to recover from this type of compaction depends on climate, mineralogy and fauna. Soils with high shrink–swell capacity, such as vertisols, recover quickly from compaction where moisture conditions are variable (dry spells shrink the soil, causing it to crack). But clays such as kaolinite, which do not crack as they dry, cannot recover from compaction on their own unless they host ground-dwelling animals such as earthworms—the Cecil soil series is an example.

Before soils can be compacted in the field, some laboratory tests are required to determine their engineering properties. Among various properties, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content are vital and specify the required density to be compacted in the field.[2]

A 10 tonne excavator is here equipped with a narrow sheepsfoot roller to compact the fill over newly placed sewer pipe, forming a stable support for a new road surface.
A compactor/roller fitted with a sheepsfoot drum, operated by U.S. Navy Seabees
Vibrating roller with plain drum as used for compacting asphalt and granular soils
Vibratory rammer in action

In construction

[edit]

Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. It is used for support of structural entities such as building foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth retaining structures to name a few. For a given soil type certain properties may deem it more or less desirable to perform adequately for a particular circumstance. In general, the preselected soil should have adequate strength, be relatively incompressible so that future settlement is not significant, be stable against volume change as water content or other factors vary, be durable and safe against deterioration, and possess proper permeability.[3]

When an area is to be filled or backfilled the soil is placed in layers called lifts. The ability of the first fill layers to be properly compacted will depend on the condition of the natural material being covered. If unsuitable material is left in place and backfilled, it may compress over a long period under the weight of the earth fill, causing settlement cracks in the fill or in any structure supported by the fill.[4] In order to determine if the natural soil will support the first fill layers, an area can be proofrolled. Proofrolling consists of utilizing a piece of heavy construction equipment to roll across the fill site and watching for deflections to be revealed. These areas will be indicated by the development of rutting, pumping, or ground weaving.[5]

To ensure adequate soil compaction is achieved, project specifications will indicate the required soil density or degree of compaction that must be achieved. These specifications are generally recommended by a geotechnical engineer in a geotechnical engineering report.

The soil type—that is, grain-size distributions, shape of the soil grains, specific gravity of soil solids, and amount and type of clay minerals, present—has a great influence on the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content.[6] It also has a great influence on how the materials should be compacted in given situations. Compaction is accomplished by use of heavy equipment. In sands and gravels, the equipment usually vibrates, to cause re-orientation of the soil particles into a denser configuration. In silts and clays, a sheepsfoot roller is frequently used, to create small zones of intense shearing, which drives air out of the soil.

Determination of adequate compaction is done by determining the in-situ density of the soil and comparing it to the maximum density determined by a laboratory test. The most commonly used laboratory test is called the Proctor compaction test and there are two different methods in obtaining the maximum density. They are the standard Proctor and modified Proctor tests; the modified Proctor is more commonly used. For small dams, the standard Proctor may still be the reference.[5]

While soil under structures and pavements needs to be compacted, it is important after construction to decompact areas to be landscaped so that vegetation can grow.

Compaction methods

[edit]

There are several means of achieving compaction of a material. Some are more appropriate for soil compaction than others, while some techniques are only suitable for particular soils or soils in particular conditions. Some are more suited to compaction of non-soil materials such as asphalt. Generally, those that can apply significant amounts of shear as well as compressive stress, are most effective.

The available techniques can be classified as:

  1. Static – a large stress is slowly applied to the soil and then released.
  2. Impact – the stress is applied by dropping a large mass onto the surface of the soil.
  3. Vibrating – a stress is applied repeatedly and rapidly via a mechanically driven plate or hammer. Often combined with rolling compaction (see below).
  4. Gyrating – a static stress is applied and maintained in one direction while the soil is a subjected to a gyratory motion about the axis of static loading. Limited to laboratory applications.
  5. Rolling – a heavy cylinder is rolled over the surface of the soil. Commonly used on sports pitches. Roller-compactors are often fitted with vibratory devices to enhance their effectiveness.
  6. Kneading – shear is applied by alternating movement in adjacent positions. An example, combined with rolling compaction, is the 'sheepsfoot' roller used in waste compaction at landfills.

The construction plant available to achieve compaction is extremely varied and is described elsewhere.

Test methods in laboratory

[edit]

Soil compactors are used to perform test methods which cover laboratory compaction methods used to determine the relationship between molding water content and dry unit weight of soils. Soil placed as engineering fill is compacted to a dense state to obtain satisfactory engineering properties such as, shear strength, compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soils are often compacted to improve their engineering properties. Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining the percent compaction and molding water content needed to achieve the required engineering properties, and for controlling construction to assure that the required compaction and water contents are achieved. Test methods such as EN 13286-2, EN 13286-47, ASTM D698, ASTM D1557, AASHTO T99, AASHTO T180, AASHTO T193, BS 1377:4 provide soil compaction testing procedures.[7]

See also

[edit]
  • Soil compaction (agriculture)
  • Soil degradation
  • Compactor
  • Earthwork
  • Soil structure
  • Aeration
  • Shear strength (soil)
Multiquip RX1575 Rammax Sheepsfoot Trench Compaction Roller on the jobsite in San Diego, California

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Soil compaction due to lack of water in soil
  2. ^ Jia, Xiaoyang; Hu, Wei; Polaczyk, Pawel; Gong, Hongren; Huang, Baoshan (2019). "Comparative Evaluation of Compacting Process for Base Materials using Lab Compaction Methods". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2673 (4): 558–567. doi:10.1177/0361198119837953. ISSN 0361-1981.
  3. ^ McCarthy, David F. (2007). Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 595. ISBN 978-0-13-114560-3.
  4. ^ McCarthy, David F. (2007). Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 601–602. ISBN 978-0-13-114560-3.
  5. ^ a b McCarthy, David F. (2007). Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-13-114560-3.
  6. ^ Das, Braja M. (2002). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 105. ISBN 0-534-38742-X.
  7. ^ "Automatic Soil Compactor". cooper.co.uk. Cooper Research Technology. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.

 

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Radon mitigation is any process used to reduce radon gas concentrations in the breathing zones of occupied buildings, or radon from water supplies. Radon is a significant contributor to environmental radioactivity and indoor air pollution. Exposure to radon can cause serious health problems such as lung cancer.[1]

Mitigation of radon in the air by active soil depressurization is most effective. Concrete slabs, sub-floors, and/or crawlspaces are sealed, an air pathway is then created to exhaust radon above the roof-line, and a radon mitigation fan is installed to run permanently. In particularly troublesome dwellings, air exchangers can be used to reduce indoor radon concentrations. Treatment systems using aeration or activated charcoal are available to remove radon from domestic water supplies. There is no proven link between radon in water and gastrointestinal cancers; however, extremely high radon concentrations in water can be aerosolized by faucets and shower heads and contribute to high indoor radon levels in the air.

Testing

[edit]
A typical radon test kit
Fluctuation of ambient air radon concentration over one week, measured in a laboratory

The first step in mitigation is testing. No level of radiation is considered completely safe, but as it cannot be eliminated, governments around the world have set various action levels to provide guidance on when radon concentrations should be reduced. The World Health Organization's International Radon Project has recommended an action level of 100 Bq/m3 (2.7 pCi/L) for radon in the air.[2] Radon in the air is considered to be a larger health threat than radon in domestic water. The US Environmental Protection Agency recommendation is to not test for radon in water unless a radon in air test shows concentrations above the action level. However, in some U.S. states such as Maine where radon levels are higher than the national average, it is recommend that all well water should be tested for radon. The U.S. government has not set an action level for radon in water.

Air-radon levels fluctuate naturally on a daily and seasonal basis. A short term test (90 days or less) might not be an accurate assessment of a home's average radon level, but is recommended for initial testing to quickly determine unhealthy conditions. Transient weather such as wind and changes in barometric pressure can affect short-term concentrations as well as ventilation, such as open windows and the operation of exhaust fans.

Testing for radon in the air is accomplished using passive or active devices placed in the building. Some devices are promptly sent to a laboratory for analysis, others calculate the results on-site including digital Radon detectors. Radon-in-water testing requires a water sample being sent to a laboratory.

Retesting is recommended in several situations, for example, before spending money on the installation of a mitigation system. Test results which exceed accuracy tolerances also require re-testing. When a mitigation system installation is warranted, a retest after the system is functional is advised to be sure the system is effectively reducing the radon concentration below the action level, and after any mitigation system repairs such as replacing a fan unit. The US EPA recommends retesting homes with radon problems every two years to ensure proper system function. Due to the vast fluctuation in indoor radon levels, the EPA recommends all homes be tested at least once every five years.[3]

Testing in the United States

[edit]
Radon map of the United States

ASTM E-2121 is a US standard for reducing airborne radon in homes as far as practicable below the action level of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) (148 Bq/m3).[4][5] Some states recommend achieving 2.0 pCi/L or less.

Radon test kits are commercially available[6] and can be used by homeowners and tenants and in limited cases by landlords, except when a property is for sale.

Commercially available test kits include a passive collector that the user places in the lowest livable floor of the house for 2 to 7 days. The user then sends the collector to a laboratory for analysis. Long-term kits, taking collections from 91 days to one year, are also available. Open land test kits can test radon emissions from the land before construction begins, but are not recommended by the EPA because they do not accurately predict the final indoor radon level. The EPA and the National Environmental Health Association have identified 15 types of radon test devices.[7] A Lucas cell is one type of device.

Retesting is specifically recommended in several situations. Measurements between 4 and 10 pCi/L (148 and 370 Bq/m3) warrant a follow-up short-term or long-term radon test before mitigation. Measurements over 10 pCi/L (370 Bq/m3) warrant only another short-term test (not a long-term test) so that abatement measures are not unduly delayed.

Progress has been made regarding radon in the home. A total of 37 states have now[when?] passed legislation requiring home-sellers to disclose known radon levels before completing the transaction (although only a handful have introduced criminal penalties for misrepresentation).[8] And over half the legislatures have written radon into their state's building code.[9] Purchasers of real estate may delay or decline a purchase if the seller has not successfully abated radon to less than 4 pCi/L.

The accuracy of the residential radon test depends upon whether closed house conditions are maintained. Thus the occupants will be instructed not to open windows, etc., for ventilation during the pendency of test, usually two days or more. However, the occupants, if the present owners, will be motivated to pass the test and insure the sale, so they might be tempted to open a window to get a lower radon score. Moreover, there may be children or immature teens or young adults in the house who will open a window for ventilation notwithstanding instructions not to do so, particularly in uncomfortably hot weather. Accordingly, whether the potential purchaser should trust the result of such a test is problematic.

Management of radon service provider certification has evolved since being introduced by the EPA in 1986. In the 1990s this service was "privatized" and the National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) helped transition the voluntary National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) to be administered by private firms. As of 2012, the NRPP is administered by the American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (AARST).[10]

Some states, such as Maine, require landlords to test their rental properties and turn the results in to the state. In limited cases the landlord or tenants may do the testing themselves. The rules in each state vary. In many cases there are private contractors that will inspect hired by the city.

Testing in Canada

[edit]

Health Canada recommends regular annual testing, either by hiring a qualified tester or by using a home-testing kit that should be checked quarterly.[11]

Canadian Government, in conjunction with the territories and provinces, developed the guideline[12] to indicate when remedial action should be taken was originally set at 800 Bq/m3 (becquerels per cubic meter) and since reduced to 200 Bq/m3. This new guideline was approved by the Federal Provincial Territorial Radiation Protection Committee in October 2006.[13]

Testing in the UK

[edit]

Radon testing in the UK is managed by UKradon and the UKHSA.[14]

Testing in Norway

[edit]

The Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA) developed the protocol[15] for radon measurements in residential dwellings[16] with respect to rental accommodation, which is governed by The Radiation Protection Regulations.[17]

Methods of radon gas mitigation

[edit]
Part of a radon mitigation system including the fan and vent pipe is visible near the gutter downspout.

Because high levels of radon have been found in every state of the United States,[18] testing for radon and installing radon mitigation systems has become a specialized industry since the 1980s. Many states have implemented programs that affect home buying and awareness in the real estate community; however, radon testing and mitigation systems are not generally mandatory unless specified by the local jurisdiction.[19]

Anticipated high radon levels can be mitigated during building design and construction by a combination of ensuring a perfectly sealed foundation, allowing sufficient passive dispersal of under-slab gas around rather than through the building, and proper building ventilation. In many instances, such approaches may achieve a sufficient reduction of radon levels compared to other buildings where such approaches were not taken. However, quality of implementation is crucial and testing after construction is necessary. For instance, even a small gap in the sealing of the slab may be sufficient for excessive quantities of radon to enter, given pressure differentials.

Where such approaches were not taken during construction or have proven insufficiently effective, remediation is needed. According to the EPA's "A Citizen's Guide to Radon",[20] the method to reduce radon "primarily used is a vent pipe system and fan, which pulls radon from beneath the house and vents it to the outside", which is also called sub-slab depressurization, soil suction, or active soil depressurization (ASD). Generally indoor radon can be mitigated by sub-slab depressurization and exhausting such radon-laden air to the outdoors, away from windows and other building openings.[21] "EPA generally recommends methods which prevent the entry of radon. Soil suction, for example, prevents radon from entering your home by drawing the radon from below the home and venting it through a pipe, or pipes, to the air above the home where it is quickly diluted" and "EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to reduce radon because, by itself, sealing has not been shown to lower radon levels significantly or consistently" according to the EPA's "Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction: How to Fix Your Home".[22] Ventilation systems can utilize a heat exchanger or energy recovery ventilator to recover part of the energy otherwise lost in the process of exchanging air with the outside. For crawlspaces, the EPA states,[22] "An effective method to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes involves covering the earth floor with a high-density plastic sheet. A vent pipe and fan are used to draw the radon from under the sheet and vent it to the outdoors. This form of soil suction is called submembrane suction, and when properly applied is the most effective way to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes."

High radon levels in a Minnesota (USA) basement with a passive under slab vent pipe system can be seen in the left half of the graph. After installation of a radon fan (ASD), a permanent reduction in radon levels to approximately 0.6 pCi/L can be seen in the right half of the graph.
  • The most common approach is active soil depressurization (ASD). Experience has shown that ASD is applicable to most buildings since radon usually enters from the soil and rock underneath and mechanical ventilation is used when the indoor radon is emitted from the building materials. A less common approach works efficiently by reducing air pressures within cavities of exterior and demising walls where radon emitting from building materials, most often concrete blocks, collects.
  • Above slab air pressure differential barrier technology (ASAPDB) requires that the interior pressure envelope, most often drywall, as well as all ductwork for air conditioning systems, be made as airtight as possible. A small blower, often no more than 15 cubic feet per minute (0.7 L/s) may then extract the radon-laden air from these cavities and exhaust it to the out of doors. With well-sealed HVAC ducts, very small negative pressures, perhaps as little as 0.5 pascal (0.00007 psi), will prevent the entry of highly radon-laden wall cavity air from entering into the breathing zone. Such ASAPDB technology is often the best radon mitigation choice for high-rise condominiums as it does not increase indoor humidity loads in hot humid climates, and it can also work well to prevent mold growth in exterior walls in heating climates.
  • In hot, humid climates, heat recovery ventilators (HRV) as well as energy recovery ventilators (ERV) have a record of increasing indoor relative humidity and dehumidification demands on air conditioning systems. Mold problems can occur in homes that have been radon mitigated with HRV and ERV installations in hot, humid climates.[citation needed] HRVs and ERVs have an excellent record in cold dry climates.
  • A recent technology is based on building science. It includes a variable rate mechanical ventilation system that prevents indoor relative humidity from rising above a preset level such as 50% which is currently suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency and others as an upper limit for the prevention of mold. It has proven to be especially effective in hot, humid climates. It controls the air delivery rate so that the air conditioner is never overloaded with more moisture than it can effectively remove from the indoor air.
    • It is generally assumed that air conditioner operation will remove excess moisture from the air in the breathing zone, but it is important to note that just because the air conditioner cools does not mean that it is also dehumidfying. If Δt is 14 degrees or less, it may not dehumidify at all even though it is cooling.
    • Factors that are likely to aggravate indoor humidity problems from mechanical ventilation–based radon installations are as follows and an expert radon mitigator/building scientist will check for and correct any and all of the following when he or she performs radon mitigation procedures:
      • Air conditioner duct leaks located outside the breathing zone, such as in the attic.
      • Excessive exhaust fan operation
      • Oversize or over-capacity air conditioners
      • AC air handler fans that do not stop running when the air conditioner compressor stops running.
      • Delta tt), which is the amount that the air is cooled as it is passed through the air conditioner's cooling coils. A good Δt performance figure for home air conditioners is about 20 °F (11 °C). In comparison, automobile air conditioners deliver Δt performance of 32 to 38 °F (18 to 21 °C). A Δt of 14 °F (8 °C) will dehumidify poorly if at all.

In South Florida, most radon mitigation is performed by use of fixed rate mechanical ventilation. Radon mitigation training in Florida does not include problems associated with mechanical ventilation systems, such as high indoor humidity, mold, moldy odors, property damage or health consequences of human occupation in high humidity of moldy environments[citation needed]. As a result, most Florida radon mitigators are unaware of and do not incorporate existing building science moisture management technology into mechanical ventilation radon installations. Home inspectors may not necessarily be aware of the mold risks associated with radon mitigation by mechanical ventilation.

The average cost for an ASD radon mitigation system in Minnesota is $1500.[23] These costs are very dependent on the type of home and age of construction.[24]

Methods of radon-in-water mitigation

[edit]

Radon removal from water supplies may be at a treatment plant, point of entry, or point of use. Public water supplies in the United States were required to treat for radionuclides beginning in 2003 but private wells are not regulated by the federal government as of 2014. The radon can be captured by granular activated charcoal (GAR) or released into the air through aeration of the water. Radon will naturally dissipate from water over a period of days, but the quantity of storage needed to treat the water in this manner makes home systems of this type impracticably large.[25]

Activated carbon systems capture radon from the water. The amount of radiation accumulates over time and the filter material may reach the level of requiring disposal as a radioactive waste. However, in the United States there are no regulations concerning radiation levels and disposal of radon treatment waste as of 2014.

Aeration systems move the radon from the water to the air. Radon gas discharged into the air is the release of a pollutant, and may become regulated in the United States.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nunnally, Diamond (2022-03-30). "Dangerous radon gas dangers and detection tips". WBMA. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  2. ^ WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective. World Health Organization. 2009.
  3. ^ US EPA, OAR (2013-08-27). "Radon". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  4. ^ "Recommended Residential Radon Mitigation Standard of Practice". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  5. ^ "ASTM E2121-03 Standard Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems in Existing Low-Rise Residential Buildings". ASTM International. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  6. ^ "Commercially Available Radon Kits". Alpha Energy Labs. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  7. ^ "Radon Measurement Method Definitions". The National Environmental Health Association—National Radon Proficiency Program. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  8. ^ "State Radon Laws". lawatlas.org. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  9. ^ "National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) - Radon".
  10. ^ "National Radon Proficiency Program - NEHA and NEHA-NRPP History". Nrpp.info. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  11. ^ "Home radon testing important for health". lethbridgeherald.com. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  12. ^ "Radon Gas | Vancouver, BC, Canada". Radoncontrol.ca. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  13. ^ "Radon Frequently Asked Questions - Health Canada". Hc-sc.gc.ca. 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  14. ^ "UKradon - Home". www.ukradon.org.
  15. ^ "Radon measurements in residential dwellings".
  16. ^ "Radon boliger 2013" (PDF).
  17. ^ "Legislation".
  18. ^ "Radon: Myth vs Fact". Radon-Rid/EPA. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  19. ^ "Listing of States and Jurisdictions with RRNC Codes". EPA. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  20. ^ "A Citizen's Guide to Radon" (PDF). EPA. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
  21. ^ "Radon Mitigation Methods". Radon Solution. Archived from the original on 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
  22. ^ a b "Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction: How to Fix Your Home" (PDF). EPA.
  23. ^ "Radon Mitigation System - EH: Minnesota Department of Health". Health.state.mn.us. 2014-12-10. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  24. ^ "Featured Radon Mitigation System Archives". Radonreductioninc.com. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  25. ^ ""Radon in Drinking Water Health Risk Reduction and Cost Analysis: Notice"" (PDF). Federal Register. 64. February 26, 1999. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
[edit]
  • Radon at the United States Environmental Protection Agency
  • National Radon Program Services hosted by Kansas State University
  • Radon and Lung Health from the American Lung Association
  • It's Your Health - Health Canada
  • Radon's impact on your health – Quebec Lung Association

 

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Reviews for


Jeffery James

(5)

Very happy with my experience. They were prompt and followed through, and very helpful in fixing the crack in my foundation.

Sarah McNeily

(5)

USS was excellent. They are honest, straightforward, trustworthy, and conscientious. They thoughtfully removed the flowers and flower bulbs to dig where they needed in the yard, replanted said flowers and spread the extra dirt to fill in an area of the yard. We've had other services from different companies and our yard was really a mess after. They kept the job site meticulously clean. The crew was on time and friendly. I'd recommend them any day! Thanks to Jessie and crew.

Jim de Leon

(5)

It was a pleasure to work with Rick and his crew. From the beginning, Rick listened to my concerns and what I wished to accomplish. Out of the 6 contractors that quoted the project, Rick seemed the MOST willing to accommodate my wishes. His pricing was definitely more than fair as well. I had 10 push piers installed to stabilize and lift an addition of my house. The project commenced at the date that Rick had disclosed initially and it was completed within the same time period expected (based on Rick's original assessment). The crew was well informed, courteous, and hard working. They were not loud (even while equipment was being utilized) and were well spoken. My neighbors were very impressed on how polite they were when they entered / exited my property (saying hello or good morning each day when they crossed paths). You can tell they care about the customer concerns. They ensured that the property would be put back as clean as possible by placing MANY sheets of plywood down prior to excavating. They compacted the dirt back in the holes extremely well to avoid large stock piles of soils. All the while, the main office was calling me to discuss updates and expectations of completion. They provided waivers of lien, certificates of insurance, properly acquired permits, and JULIE locates. From a construction background, I can tell you that I did not see any flaws in the way they operated and this an extremely professional company. The pictures attached show the push piers added to the foundation (pictures 1, 2 & 3), the amount of excavation (picture 4), and the restoration after dirt was placed back in the pits and compacted (pictures 5, 6 & 7). Please notice that they also sealed two large cracks and steel plated these cracks from expanding further (which you can see under my sliding glass door). I, as well as my wife, are extremely happy that we chose United Structural Systems for our contractor. I would happily tell any of my friends and family to use this contractor should the opportunity arise!

Chris Abplanalp

(5)

USS did an amazing job on my underpinning on my house, they were also very courteous to the proximity of my property line next to my neighbor. They kept things in order with all the dirt/mud they had to excavate. They were done exactly in the timeframe they indicated, and the contract was very details oriented with drawings of what would be done. Only thing that would have been nice, is they left my concrete a little muddy with boot prints but again, all-in-all a great job

Dave Kari

(5)

What a fantastic experience! Owner Rick Thomas is a trustworthy professional. Nick and the crew are hard working, knowledgeable and experienced. I interviewed every company in the area, big and small. A homeowner never wants to hear that they have foundation issues. Out of every company, I trusted USS the most, and it paid off in the end. Highly recommend.

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